Conservation of angular momentum in second harmonic generation from under-dense plasmas

TL;DR

This study demonstrates the conservation and conversion of spin to orbital angular momentum in second harmonic generation from underdense plasmas, confirming angular momentum conservation in nonlinear plasma interactions.

Contribution

It provides experimental verification of angular momentum conservation and spin-to-orbital conversion during second harmonic generation in underdense plasmas using Laguerre-Gaussian beams.

Findings

Total angular momentum of photons is conserved.

Spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion observed.

Second harmonic photons originate near intensity gradients of the pump beam.

Abstract

Spin and orbital angular momentum of an optical beam are two independent parameters that exhibit distinct effects on mechanical objects. However, when laser beams with angular momentum interact with plasmas, one can observe the interplay between the spin and the orbital angular momentum. Here, by measuring the helical phase of the second harmonic 2{\omega} radiation generated in an underdense plasma using a known spin and orbital angular momentum pump beam, we verify that the total angular momentum of photons is conserved and observe the conversion of spin to orbital angular momentum. We further determine the source of the 2{\omega} photons by analyzing near field intensity distributions of the 2{\omega} light. The 2{\omega} images are consistent with these photons being generated near the largest intensity gradients of the pump beam in the plasma as predicted by the combined effect of spin and orbital angular momentum when Laguerre-Gaussian beams are used.