Bifurcations of balanced configurations for the Newtonian $n$-body problem in $\mathbb R^4$

TL;DR

This paper investigates bifurcations of special balanced configurations in the Newtonian $n$-body problem within four-dimensional space, revealing new solution branches due to higher-dimensional symmetries and providing explicit examples for three bodies.

Contribution

It extends the analysis of balanced configurations to four dimensions, identifying bifurcation phenomena and explicitly constructing branches for the three-body case.

Findings

Existence of bifurcation branches from collinear configurations.

Lower bounds on the number of bifurcation points.

Explicit bifurcation diagrams for three-body configurations.

Abstract

For the gravitational $n$-body problem, the simplest motions are provided by those rigid motions in which each body moves along a Keplerian orbit and the shape of the system is a constant (up to rotations and scalings) configuration featuring suitable properties. While in dimension $d \leq 3$ the configuration must be central, in dimension $d \geq 4$ new possibilities arise due to the complexity of the orthogonal group, and indeed there is a wider class of $S$-balanced configurations, containing central ones, which yield simple solutions of the $n$-body problem. Starting from recent results of the first and third authors, we study the existence of continua of bifurcations branching from a trivial branch of collinear $S$-balanced configurations and provide an estimate from below on the number of bifurcation instants. In the last part of the paper, by using the continuation method, we explicitly display the bifurcation branches in the case of the three body problem for different choices of the masses.