Detecting Infrared Single Photons with Near-Unity System Detection Efficiency

TL;DR

This paper reports the development of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors with near-unity system detection efficiency and high timing resolution, advancing quantum optics and related fields.

Contribution

The authors demonstrate SNSPDs on membranes achieving 94-99.5% efficiency in the infrared range, combining broadband absorption with high timing performance.

Findings

Achieved 94-99.5% system detection efficiency

Timing jitter of 15-26 ps in detectors

Broadband absorption enabled by SiO2/Au membrane

Abstract

Single photon detectors are indispensable tools in optics, from fundamental measurements to quantum information processing. The ability of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors to detect single photons with unprecedented efficiency, short dead time and high time resolution over a large frequency range enabled major advances in quantum optics. However, combining near-unity system detection efficiency with high timing performance remains an outstanding challenge. In this work, we show novel superconducting nanowire single photon detectors fabricated on membranes with 94-99.5 (plus minus 2.07%) system detection efficiency in the wavelength range 1280-1500 nm. The SiO2/Au membrane enables broadband absorption in small SNSPDs, offering high detection efficiency in combination with high timing performance. With low noise cryogenic amplifiers operated in the same cryostat, our efficient detectors reach timing jitter in the range of 15-26 ps. We discuss the prime challenges in optical design, device fabrication as well as accurate and reliable detection efficiency measurements to achieve high performance single-photon detection. As a result, the fast-developing fields of quantum information science, quantum metrology, infrared imaging and quantum networks will greatly benefit from this far-reaching quantum detection technology.