Reconciling Security and Utility in Next-Generation Epidemic Risk Mitigation Systems

TL;DR

Silmarillion is a privacy-preserving epidemic risk mitigation system that combines Bluetooth contact data with environmental information for improved analysis and personalized risk notification, while maintaining user privacy.

Contribution

It introduces a novel system that balances rich data collection for epidemic analysis with strong privacy guarantees, using IoT beacons and secure communication protocols.

Findings

Prototype built on low-end IoT devices shows low power consumption.

System provides privacy guarantees comparable to manual contact tracing.

Small-scale deployment demonstrates practical feasibility.

Abstract

Epidemics like the recent COVID-19 require proactive contact tracing and epidemiological analysis to predict and subsequently contain infection transmissions. The proactive measures require large scale data collection, which simultaneously raise concerns regarding users' privacy. Digital contact tracing systems developed in response to COVID-19 either collected extensive data for effective analytics at the cost of users' privacy or collected minimal data for the sake of user privacy but were ineffective in predicting and mitigating the epidemic risks. We present Silmarillion--in preparation for future epidemics--a system that reconciles user's privacy with rich data collection for higher utility. In Silmarillion, user devices record Bluetooth encounters with beacons installed in strategic locations. The beacons further enrich the encounters with geo-location, location type, and environment conditions at the beacon installation site. This enriched information enables detailed scientific analysis of disease parameters as well as more accurate personalized exposure risk notification. At the same time, Silmarillion provides privacy to all participants and non-participants at the same level as that guaranteed in digital and manual contact tracing. We describe the design of Silmarillion and its communication protocols that ensure user privacy and data security. We also evaluate a prototype of Silmarillion built using low-end IoT boards, showing that the power consumption and user latencies are adequately low for a practical deployment. Finally, we briefly report on a small-scale deployment within a university building as a proof-of-concept.