Transmutation of protons in a strong electromagnetic field

TL;DR

This paper explores the theoretically possible transmutation of protons into neutrons and leptons in extremely strong electromagnetic fields, revealing a non-perturbative suppression that diminishes at high field strengths, but remains experimentally challenging.

Contribution

It provides a detailed theoretical analysis of proton transmutation in intense fields, including suppression factors and potential laboratory observation scenarios.

Findings

Proton transmutation is exponentially suppressed in moderate fields.

Suppression decreases significantly at fields around ten times the Schwinger critical field.

Proton lifetime in strong fields can approach neutron decay times.

Abstract

The process of turning a proton into a neutron, positron and electron-neutrino in a strong plane-wave electromagnetic field is studied. This process is forbidden in vacuum and is seen to feature an exponential suppression factor which is non-perturbative in the field amplitude. The suppression is alleviated when the proton experiences a field strength of about ten times the Schwinger critical field in its rest frame or larger. Around this threshold the lifetime of the proton, in its rest frame, is comparable to the conventional neutron decay lifetime. As the field strength is increased, the proton lifetime becomes increasingly short. We investigate possible scenarios where this process may be observed in the laboratory using an ultra-intense laser and a high-energy proton beam with the conclusion, however, that it would be very challenging to observe this effect in the near future.