Testing the Jeans, Toomre and Bonnor-Ebert concepts for planetesimal formation: 3D streaming instability simulations of diffusion regulated formation of planetesimals

TL;DR

This study uses 3D streaming instability simulations to explore the conditions under which pebble clouds in protoplanetary disks can gravitationally collapse into planetesimals, emphasizing the roles of Hill density, turbulence, and diffusion.

Contribution

It demonstrates that Hill density alone is insufficient for planetesimal formation, highlighting the importance of overcoming turbulent diffusion and providing a Bonnor-Ebert based criterion for collapse.

Findings

Hill density is not sufficient for gravitational collapse.

Self-gravity increases turbulence, affecting collapse conditions.

Larger pebble clouds are easier to collapse due to lower diffusion effects.

Abstract

We perform streaming instability simulations at Hill density and beyond, to demonstrate that Planetesimal formation is not completed when pebble accumulations exceed the local Hill density. We find that Hill density is not a sufficient criterion for further gravitational collapse of a pebble cloud into a planetesimal, but that additionally the accumulated mass has to be large enough to overcome turbulent diffusion. A Toomre analysis of the system indicates that linear self-gravity modes play no role on the scale of our numerical simulation. We nevertheless find that self-gravity, by vertically contracting the pebble layer, increases the strength of turbulence, which is either an indication of Kelvin Helmholtz Instability or a boost of the streaming-instability. We furthermore determine the Bonnor-Ebert central density to which a pebble cloud of given mass has to be compressed before it would be able to continue contraction against internal diffusion. As the equivalent "solid body" size of the pebble cloud scales with the central density to the power of -1/6, it is much easier to have a pebble cloud of 100 km equivalent size to collapse than one of 10 km for the same level of turbulent diffusion. This can explain the lack of small bodies in the solar system and predicts to have small objects formed by gravitational collapse at large pebble to gas ratios, in the outskirts of the solar nebula and at late times of generally reduced gas mass.