Determining the atomic charge of calcium ion requires the information of its coordination geometry in an EF-hand motif

TL;DR

This study investigates how the coordination geometry in EF-hand motifs influences the atomic charge of calcium ions, revealing that accurate parameterization requires considering local structure and environment for better force field development.

Contribution

The paper introduces a method to derive calcium ion charges that depend on coordination geometry, improving force field accuracy for calcium-binding proteins.

Findings

Conventional force fields overestimate Ca2+ atomic radius.

Ca2+ charges depend on the specific coordination geometry.

Water molecules do not affect Ca2+ charge but are important for coordination.

Abstract

It is challenging to parameterize the force field for calcium ions (Ca2+) in calcium-binding proteins because of their unique coordination chemistry that involves the surrounding atoms required for stability. In this work, we observed wide variation in Ca2+ binding loop conformations of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (CaM), which adopts the most populated ternary structures determined from the MD simulations, followed by ab initio quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on all twelve amino acids in the loop that coordinate Ca2+ in aqueous solution. Ca2+ charges were derived by fitting to the electrostatic potential (ESP) in the context of a classical or polarizable force field (PFF). We discovered that the atomic radius of Ca2+ in conventional force fields is too large for the QM calculation to capture the variation in the coordination geometry of Ca2+ in its ionic form, leading to unphysical charges. Specifically, we found that the fitted atomic charges of Ca2+ in the context of PFF depend on the coordinating geometry of electronegative atoms from the amino acids in the loop. Although nearby water molecules do not influence the atomic charge of Ca2+, they are crucial for compensating for the coordination of Ca2+ due to the conformational flexibility in the EF-hand loop. Our method advances the development of force fields for metal ions and protein binding sites in dynamic environments.