Resolvent-based estimation of turbulent channel flow using wall measurements

TL;DR

This paper uses a resolvent-based approach to estimate turbulent flow structures from wall measurements, demonstrating the importance of true forcing statistics for accurate large-scale flow estimation across different flow layers.

Contribution

It introduces a resolvent-based estimation framework for turbulent channel flows that highlights the benefits of using true forcing statistics over approximate models.

Findings

Accurate estimation of large-scale structures in the log-layer using true forcing statistics.

Eddy-viscosity models partially capture forcing effects, showing intermediate estimation accuracy.

Structures influencing wall measurements can be reliably estimated throughout the channel.

Abstract

We employ a resolvent-based methodology to estimate velocity and pressure fluctuations within turbulent channel flows at friction Reynolds numbers of approximately 180, 550 and 1000 using measurements of shear stress and pressure at the walls, taken from direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases. Martini et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2021, A2) showed that the resolvent-based estimator is optimal when the true space-time forcing statistics are utilized, thus providing an upper bound for the accuracy of any linear estimator. We use this framework to determine the flow structures that can be linearly estimated from wall measurements, and we characterize these structures and the estimation errors in both physical and wavenumber space. We also compare these results to those obtained using approximate forcing models - an eddy-viscosity model and white-noise forcing - and demonstrate the significant benefit of using true forcing statistics. All models lead to accurate results up to the buffer-layer, but only using the true forcing statistics allows accurate estimation of large-scale log-layer structures, with significant correlation between the estimates and DNS results throughout the channel. The eddy-viscosity model displays an intermediate behaviour, which may be related to its ability to partially capture the forcing colour. Our results show that structures that leave a footprint on the channel walls can be accurately estimated using the linear resolvent-based methodology, and the presence of large-scale wall-attached structures enables accurate estimations through the logarithmic layer.