Beyond the Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian: Path integral treatment of large polarons in anharmonic solids

TL;DR

This paper extends the traditional Fr"ohlich Hamiltonian to include anharmonic effects up to third order, enabling more accurate modeling of polarons in complex solids like high-pressure hydrides, and analyzes their energy and effective mass.

Contribution

It introduces a new Hamiltonian incorporating anharmonicity into polaron theory, facilitating analytical calculations for materials with non-harmonic lattice vibrations.

Findings

Anharmonic terms cause increased electron trapping.

The extended Hamiltonian allows for analytical study of polaron properties.

Significant deviations from harmonic models in polaron behavior are observed.

Abstract

The properties of an electron in a typical solid are modified by the interaction with the crystal ions, leading to the formation of a quasiparticle: the polaron. Such polarons are often described using the Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian, which assumes the underlying lattice phonons to be harmonic. However, this approximation is invalid in several interesting materials, including the recently discovered high-pressure hydrides which superconduct at temperatures above $200$K. In this paper, we show that Fr\"ohlich theory can be extended to eliminate this problem. We derive four additional terms in the Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian to account for anharmonicity up to third order. We calculate the energy and effective mass of the new polaron, using both perturbation theory and Feynman's path integral formalism. It is shown that the anharmonic terms lead to significant additional trapping of the electron. The derived Hamiltonian is well-suited for analytical calculations, due to its simplicity and since the number of model parameters is low. Since it is a direct extension of the Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian, it can readily be used to investigate the effect of anharmonicity on other polaron properties, such as the optical conductivity and the formation of bipolarons.