Several Populations of Sunspot Group Numbers -- Resolving a Conundrum

TL;DR

This paper reviews evidence supporting the revised sunspot and group number series, explaining historical discrepancies by identifying distinct populations of observations and validating the revisions through multiple proxies and reconstructions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive validation of the 2014 revisions, clarifying the long-standing disparity and proposing that multiple populations of observations explain the series discontinuities.

Findings

The revised series are supported by geomagnetic and radionuclide proxies.

The sunspot number scale has remained consistent over 270 years.

A mistaken scale factor explains the 1882 disparity between datasets.

Abstract

The long-standing disparity between the sunspot number record and the Hoyt and Schatten (1998, H&S) Group Sunspot Number series was initially resolved by the Clette et al. (2014) revision of the sunspot number and the group number series. The revisions resulted in a flurry of dissenting group number series while the revised sunspot number series was generally accepted. Thus, the disparity persisted and confusion reigned, with the choice of solar activity dataset continuing to be a free parameter. A number of workshops and follow-up collaborative efforts by the community have not yet brought clarity. We review here several lines of evidence that validate the original revisions put forward by Clette et al. (2014) and suggest that the perceived conundrum no longer need to delay acceptance and general use of the revised series. We argue that the solar observations constitute several distinct populations with different properties which explain the various discontinuities in the series. This is supported by several proxies: diurnal variation of the geomagnetic field, geomagnetic signature of the strength of the heliomagnetic field, and variation of radionuclides. The Waldmeier effect shows that the sunspot number scale has not changed over the last 270 years and a mistaken scale factor between observers Wolf and Wolfer explains the disparity beginning in 1882 between the sunspot number and the H&S reconstruction of the group number. Observations with replica of 18th century telescopes (with similar optical flaws) validate the early sunspot number scale; while a reconstruction of the group number with monthly resolution (with many more degrees of freedom) validate the size of Solar Cycle 11 given by the revised series that the dissenting series fail to meet.