Local Topological Markers in Odd Dimensions

TL;DR

This paper generalizes local topological markers, like the Chern marker, to 1d and 3d systems, enabling the study of topological pumping and phase transitions in odd dimensions.

Contribution

It introduces a method to extend the Chern marker to odd-dimensional systems, linking it to topological pumping phenomena.

Findings

Markers accurately describe topological pumping in 1d and 3d.

Numerical verification confirms the validity of the generalized markers.

Framework facilitates future studies on disorder effects in odd dimensions.

Abstract

Local topological markers have proven to be a valuable tool for investigating systems with topologically non-trivial bands. Due to their local nature, such markers can treat translationally invariant systems and spatially inhomogeneous systems on an equal footing. Among the most prevalent of these is the so-called Chern marker, which is available for systems in two spatial dimensions. In this paper, we describe how to generalize this marker to 1d and 3d systems, by showing that the relevant expressions accurately describe the phenomenon of topological pumping given by the first and second Chern numbers in 1d and 3d respectively. In addition to providing general derivations, we verify the markers by numerically considering model Hamiltonians. These results will open the door for future studies including the influence of disorder on topological pumping and topological phase transitions in odd-dimensional systems.