Estimating expectation values using approximate quantum states

TL;DR

This paper presents a method to estimate expectation values of observables in quantum states using an approximate description that is efficient and experimentally feasible, with demonstrated accuracy on real quantum hardware.

Contribution

It introduces a new approximate state description that enables expectation value estimation with bounded error, requiring only single-qubit operations and measurements.

Findings

Accurately estimates expectation values with bounded error.

Efficiently constructs approximate states with size scaling as 3MN.

Demonstrates practical effectiveness on Rigetti quantum processors.

Abstract

We introduce an approximate description of an $N$-qubit state, which contains sufficient information to estimate the expectation value of any observable to a precision that is upper bounded by the ratio of a suitably-defined seminorm of the observable to the square root of the number of the system's identical preparations $M$, with no explicit dependence on $N$. We describe an operational procedure for constructing the approximate description of the state that requires, besides the quantum state preparation, only single-qubit rotations followed by single-qubit measurements. We show that following this procedure, the cardinality of the resulting description of the state grows as $3MN$. We test the proposed method on Rigetti's quantum processor unit with 12, 16 and 25 qubits for random states and random observables, and find an excellent agreement with the theory, despite experimental errors.