Paradoxical predictions of liquid curtains with surface tension

TL;DR

This paper explores the complex behaviors of liquid curtains influenced by gravity and surface tension, revealing multiple steady states including unusual upward-bending and self-intersecting configurations, through asymptotic analysis.

Contribution

It derives an asymptotic equation for liquid curtains under specific conditions and uncovers multiple steady solutions, including novel upward-bending and self-intersecting curtains.

Findings

Multiple steady solutions exist for given ejection parameters.

Liquid curtains can zigzag, self-intersect, or rise, contrary to simple downward flow.

Upward-bending curtains are theoretically possible and experimentally testable.

Abstract

This paper examines two-dimensional liquid curtains ejected at an angle to the horizontal and affected by gravity and surface tension. The flow is, to leading order, shearless and viscosity, negligible. The Froude number is large, so that the radius of the curtain's curvature exceeds its thickness. The Weber number is close to unity, so that the forces of inertia and surface tension are almost perfectly balanced. An asymptotic equation is derived under these assumptions, and its steady solutions are explored. It is shown that, for a given pair of ejection velocity/angle, infinitely many solutions exist, each representing a steady curtain with a stationary capillary wave superposed on it. These solutions describe a rich variety of behaviours: in addition to arching downwards, curtains can zigzag downwards, self-intersect, and even rise until the initial supply of the liquid's kinetic energy is used up. The last type of solutions corresponds to a separatrix between upward- and downward-bending curtains -- in both cases, self-intersecting (such solutions are meaningful only until the first intersection, after which the liquid just splashes down). Finally, suggestions are made as to how the existence of upward-bending curtains can be tested experimentally.