Heavy element abundances in P-rich stars: A new site for the s-process?

TL;DR

This study analyzes phosphorus-rich stars with peculiar chemical abundances, revealing a new site for s-process nucleosynthesis distinct from AGB stars, with implications for galactic chemical evolution.

Contribution

The paper provides detailed elemental abundances of P-rich stars, identifying a novel s-process site different from AGB stars, expanding understanding of stellar nucleosynthesis.

Findings

P-rich stars show heavy-element overabundances similar to low neutron density s-process.

The s-process in these stars differs from AGB stars, with larger [Ba/La] and lower Eu and Pb.

The observations suggest a new nucleosynthesis site influencing galactic chemical evolution.

Abstract

The recently discovered phosphorus-rich stars pose a challenge to stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis theory, as none of the existing models can explain their extremely peculiar chemical abundances pattern. Apart from the large phosphorus enhancement, such stars also show enhancement in other light (O, Mg, Si, Al) and heavy (e.g., Ce) elements. We have obtained high-resolution optical spectra of two optically bright phosphorus-rich stars (including a new P-rich star), for which we have deter-mined a larger number of elemental abundances (from C to Pb). We confirm the unusual light-element abundance pattern with very large enhancements of Mg, Si, Al, and P, and possibly some Cu enhancement, but the spectra of the new P-rich star is the only one to reveal some C(+N) enhancement.When compared to other appropriate metal-poor and neutron-capture enhanced stars, the two P-rich stars show heavy-element overabundances similar to low neutron density s-process nucleosynthesis,with high first- (Sr, Y, Zr) and second-peak (Ba, La, Ce, Nd) element enhancements (even some Pb enhancement in one star) and a negative [Rb/Sr] ratio. However, this s-process is distinct from the one occurring in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The notable distinctions encompass larger[Ba/La] and lower Eu and Pb than their AGB counterparts. Our observations should guide stellar nucleosynthesis theoreticians and observers to identify the P-rich star progenitor, which represents anew site for s-process nucleosynthesis, with important implications for the chemical evolution of our Galaxy.