Ionization effect in the Earth's atmosphere during the sequence of October-November 2003 Halloween GLE events

TL;DR

This study models the atmospheric ionization caused by high-energy particles during the October-November 2003 Halloween GLE events, highlighting the impact of solar energetic particles on Earth's atmospheric chemistry.

Contribution

It introduces a 3-D Monte Carlo model to quantify ionization from cosmic rays and solar particles during specific GLE events, enhancing understanding of atmospheric effects.

Findings

Ionization rates significantly increased during GLEs.

Solar energetic particles contributed notably to atmospheric ionization.

Model results align with ground-based detector observations.

Abstract

The effect of precipitating high-energy particles on atmospheric physics and chemistry is extensively studied over the last decade. In majority of the existing models, the precipitating particles induced ionization plays an essential role. For such effects, it is necessary to possess enhanced increase in ion production, specifically during the winter period. In this study, we focus on highly penetrating particles - cosmic rays. The galactic cosmic rays are the main source of ionization in the Earth's stratosphere and troposphere. On the other hand, the atmospheric ionization may be significantly enhanced during strong solar energetic particle events, mainly over the polar caps. A specific interest is paid to the most energetic solar proton events leading to counting rate enhancement of ground-based detectors, namely the so-called ground level enhancements (GLEs). During solar cycle 23, several strong ground level enhancements were observed. A sequence of three GLEs was observed in October-November 2003, the Halloween events. Here, on the basis of 3-D Monte Carlo model, we computed the energetic particles induced atmospheric ionization, explicitly considering the contribution of cosmic rays with galactic and solar origin. The ion production rates were computed as a function of the altitude above sea level using reconstructed solar energetic particles spectra. The 24 hours and event averaged ionization effects relative to the average due to galactic cosmic rays were also computed.