Resolving Kirchhoff's laws for state-estimator design of Li-ion battery packs connected in parallel

TL;DR

This paper introduces an explicit solution to Kirchhoff's laws for parallel Li-ion battery packs, enabling improved state estimation and control without numerical solving of equations.

Contribution

It presents a novel explicit model for parallel battery packs that simplifies the application of control and estimation techniques by avoiding numerical solutions.

Findings

Explicit solution to Kirchhoff's laws for parallel packs

Guaranteed convergence of the proposed state estimator

Potential to extend series pack results to parallel configurations

Abstract

A state-space model for Li-ion battery packs with parallel connected cells is introduced. The key feature of this model is an explicit solution to Kirchhoff's laws for parallel connected packs, which expresses the branch currents directly in terms of the model's states, applied current and cell resistances. This avoids the need to solve these equations numerically. To illustrate the potential of the proposed model for pack-level control and estimation, a state-estimator is introduced for the nonlinear parallel pack model. By exploiting the system structure seen in the solution to Kirchhoff's laws, algebraic conditions for the observer gains are obtained that guarantee convergence of the estimator's error. Error convergence is demonstrated through an argument based upon Aizerman's conjecture. It is hoped that the insight brought by this model formulation will allow the wealth of results developed for series connected packs to be applied to those with parallel connections.