Thermodynamic approach to electric quadrupole moments
Akito Daido, Atsuo Shitade, and Youichi Yanase
TL;DR
This paper introduces a thermodynamic framework for defining electric quadrupole moments, linking them to symmetry breaking, and demonstrates its application in orbital-ordered nematic phases of iron-based superconductors.
Contribution
It provides the first thermodynamic formulation of electric quadrupole moments, addressing a key quantum-mechanical formulation challenge.
Findings
Formulas derived for electric quadrupole moments in a thermodynamic context.
Application to orbital-ordered nematic phases of iron-based superconductors.
Insights into symmetry breaking via electric quadrupole moments.
Abstract
Higher-rank electric/magnetic multipole moments are attracting attention these days as candidate order parameters for exotic material phases. However, quantum-mechanical formulation of those multipole moments is still an ongoing issue. In this paper, we propose a thermodynamic definition of electric quadrupole moments as a measure of symmetry breaking, following previous studies of orbital magnetic dipole moments and magnetic quadrupole moments. The obtained formulas are illustrated with a model of orbital-ordered nematic phases of iron-based superconductors.
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