Mechanisms of Ti3Al precipitation in hcp alpha-Ti

TL;DR

This study investigates how Ti3Al precipitates form and grow in alpha-Ti alloys, revealing the effects of various solutes on nucleation, growth, and coarsening mechanisms through microscopy and modeling.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the influence of tertiary solutes and vacancy concentration on Ti3Al precipitation in alpha-Ti alloys, supported by experimental and theoretical analysis.

Findings

Interstitial oxygen increases precipitate volume fraction.

V and Mo reduce precipitate size and coarsening rate.

Nucleation density is influenced by vacancy concentration.

Abstract

Nucleation and growth of Ti$_3$Al \textalpha{}$_2$ ordered domains in \textalpha{}-Ti--Al--X alloys were characterised using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography and small angle X-ray scattering. Model alloys based on Ti--7Al~(wt.\%) and containing O, V and Mo were aged at \SI{550}{\celsius} for times up to \SI{120}{\day} and the resulting precipitate dispersions were observed at intermediate points. Precipitates grew to around \SI{30}{\nano\metre} in size, with a volume fraction of 6--10\% depending on tertiary solutes. Interstitial O was found to increase the equilibrium volume fraction of \textalpha{}$_2$, while V and Mo showed relatively little influence. Addition of any of the solutes in this study, but most prominently Mo, was found to increase nucleation density and decrease precipitate size and possibly coarsening rate. Coarsening can be described by the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner model, suggesting a matrix diffusion-controlled coarsening mechanism (rather than control by interfacial coherency). Solutionising temperature was found to affect nucleation number density with an activation energy of $E_{\mathrm{f}} = 1.5\pm{}0.4$~eV, supporting the hypothesis that vacancy concentration affects \textalpha{}$_2$ nucleation. The observation that all solutes increase nucleation number density is also consistent with a vacancy-controlled nucleation mechanism.