Energy budget and the gravitational wave spectra beyond the bag model

TL;DR

This paper investigates the energy budget and gravitational wave spectra from cosmological first-order phase transitions beyond the traditional bag model, emphasizing the importance of different sound velocities in symmetric and broken phases for accurate predictions.

Contribution

It introduces a method to analyze the energy budget and gravitational wave spectra considering different sound velocities in each phase, extending beyond the bag model assumptions.

Findings

Different sound velocities significantly affect gravitational wave spectra.

Proper phase transition parameters are crucial for precise predictions.

Comparison shows deviations from bag model results.

Abstract

The energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transition is essential for the gravitational wave spectra. Most of the previous studies are based on the bag model with same sound velocity in the symmetric and broken phase. We study the energy budget and the corresponding gravitational wave spectra beyond the bag model, where the sound velocities could be different in the symmetric and broken phase. Taking the Higgs sextic effective model as a representative model, we calculate the sound velocities in different phase, the gravitational wave spectra and the signal-to-noise ratio for different combinations of phase transition parameters beyond the bag model. We compare these new results with the ones obtained from the bag model.The proper sound velocities and phase transition parameters at the appropriate temperature are important to obtain more precise predictions.