Non-dipole effects in time delay of photoelectrons from atoms, negative ions, and endohedrals

TL;DR

This paper investigates non-dipole effects on the time delay of photoelectrons emitted from atoms, negative ions, and endohedrals, providing formulas, numerical calculations, and experimental isolation methods, with specific focus on noble gases and fullerenes.

Contribution

It introduces general formulas for non-dipole effects in photoelectron time delay within the RPAE framework and applies them to complex systems like endohedrals, including numerical results.

Findings

Non-dipole effects are observable in angular distributions at low photon energies.

Forward-backward time delay differences reveal non-dipole effects.

Fullerenes significantly influence photoelectron time delays.

Abstract

In this Letter, we investigate the non-dipole effects in time delay of photoelectrons emitted by multi-electron atoms, negative ions, and respective endohedrals. We present the necessary general formulas in the frame of the random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) applied to atoms, negative ions, and properly adjusted to endohedrals. We concentrate on low photon energy region, where non-dipole effects are very small in the cross-sections but become observable in angular distributions. We not only derive the formulas for non-dipole effects in time delay, but perform corresponding numeric calculations. We demonstrate how the non-dipole corrections can be isolated in experiment. Concrete calculations are performed for noble gas atoms Ar and Xe, isoelectronic to them negative ions Cl- and I- and endohedrals Ar(Cl-)C60 and Xe(I-)@C60. We found that the forward-backward photoelectron time delay differences give direct information on non-dipole effects. They proved to be quite measurable and prominently affected by the presence of the fullerenes shell.