Quantum thermodynamics of correlated-catalytic state conversion at small-scale

TL;DR

This paper characterizes the conditions for quantum state conversion using correlated catalysts in thermodynamics, establishing a fundamental free energy criterion and demonstrating universal convertibility with work cost.

Contribution

It provides a complete characterization of correlated-catalytic state conversion in quantum thermodynamics using a single free energy measure, resolving previous conjectures.

Findings

Correlated catalysts enable state conversion with a free energy condition.

Any quantum state can be converted into another with work cost equal to free energy difference.

The results advance resource theories of quantum catalytic thermodynamics.

Abstract

The class of possible thermodynamic conversions can be extended by introducing an auxiliary system called catalyst, which assists state conversion while remaining its own state unchanged. We reveal a complete characterization of catalytic state conversion in quantum and single-shot thermodynamics by allowing an infinitesimal correlation between the system and the catalyst. Specifically, we prove that a single thermodynamic potential, which provides the necessary and sufficient condition for the correlated-catalytic state conversion, is given by the standard nonequilibrium free energy defined with the Kullback-Leibler divergence. This resolves the conjecture raised by Wilming, Gallego, and Eisert [Entropy 19, 241 (2017)] and by Lostaglio and Muller [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 020403 (2019)] in positive. Moreover, we show that, with the aid of the work storage, any quantum state can be converted into another one by paying the work cost equal to the difference of the nonequilibrium free energy. Our result would serve as a step towards establishing resource theories of catalytic state conversion in the fully quantum regime.