Real roots near the unit circle of random polynomials

TL;DR

This paper studies the distribution of real roots of random polynomials near the unit circle, showing convergence to a non-Poissonian limit and confirming a longstanding conjecture about root proximity.

Contribution

It proves the convergence of the real roots' scaled point process and confirms a conjecture about roots near the unit circle, resolving a 1995 conjecture.

Findings

Real roots near the unit circle follow a non-Poissonian limit process.

With high probability, roots are within 1/n of the unit circle.

Confirms the weakest form of Shepp and Vanderbei's 1995 conjecture.

Abstract

Let $f_n(z) = \sum_{k = 0}^n \varepsilon_k z^k$ be a random polynomial where $\varepsilon_0,\ldots,\varepsilon_n$ are i.i.d. random variables with $\mathbb{E} \varepsilon_1 = 0$ and $\mathbb{E} \varepsilon_1^2 = 1$. Letting $r_1, r_2,\ldots, r_k$ denote the real roots of $f_n$, we show that the point process defined by $\{|r_1| - 1,\ldots, |r_k| - 1 \}$ converges to a non-Poissonian limit on the scale of $n^{-1}$ as $n \to \infty$. Further, we show that for each $\delta > 0$, $f_n$ has a real root within $\Theta_{\delta}(1/n)$ of the unit circle with probability at least $1 - \delta$. This resolves a conjecture of Shepp and Vanderbei from 1995 by confirming its weakest form and refuting its strongest form.