Causal Understanding of Fake News Dissemination on Social Media

TL;DR

This paper develops a causal inference framework to identify user attributes that cause fake news sharing on social media, addressing selection bias and confounders to better understand and mitigate fake news dissemination.

Contribution

It introduces a principled method to alleviate selection bias and models fake news sharing behavior as a surrogate confounder for causal analysis.

Findings

The approach effectively reduces selection bias in fake news sharing studies.

Learned behavior captures causal links between user attributes and susceptibility.

Empirical results demonstrate improved understanding of fake news dissemination.

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress towards computational fake news detection. To mitigate its negative impact, we argue that it is critical to understand what user attributes potentially cause users to share fake news. The key to this causal-inference problem is to identify confounders -- variables that cause spurious associations between treatments (e.g., user attributes) and outcome (e.g., user susceptibility). In fake news dissemination, confounders can be characterized by fake news sharing behavior that inherently relates to user attributes and online activities. Learning such user behavior is typically subject to selection bias in users who are susceptible to share news on social media. Drawing on causal inference theories, we first propose a principled approach to alleviating selection bias in fake news dissemination. We then consider the learned unbiased fake news sharing behavior as the surrogate confounder that can fully capture the causal links between user attributes and user susceptibility. We theoretically and empirically characterize the effectiveness of the proposed approach and find that it could be useful in protecting society from the perils of fake news.