A Template-Based Approach to the Photometric Classification of SN 1991bg-like Supernovae in the SDSS-II Supernova Survey

TL;DR

This paper presents a template-based photometric classification method for identifying SN 1991bg-like supernovae in SDSS-II data, revealing their host galaxy preferences and spatial distributions without spectroscopic data.

Contribution

It introduces an empirically driven photometric classification technique specifically for SN 1991bg-like supernovae in large surveys, enabling identification without spectroscopy.

Findings

16 previously unidentified SN 1991bg-like supernovae classified

These supernovae are found in older stellar environments

They are located further from their host galaxy centers

Abstract

The use of Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) to measure cosmological parameters has grown significantly over the past two decades. However, there exists a significant diversity in the SN Ia population that is not well understood. Over-luminous SN 1991T-like and sub-luminous SN 1991bg-like objects are two characteristic examples of peculiar SNe. The identification and classification of such objects is an important step in studying what makes them unique from the remaining SN population. With the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory promising on the order of a million new SNe over a ten-year survey, spectroscopic classifications will be possible for only a small subset of observed targets. As such, photometric classification has become an increasingly important concern in preparing for the next generation of astronomical surveys. Using observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS-II) SN Survey, we apply here an empirically based classification technique targeted at the identification of SN 1991bg-like SNe in photometric data sets. By performing dedicated fits to photometric data in the rest-frame redder and bluer bandpasses, we classify 16 previously unidentified 91bg-like SNe. Using SDSS-II host-galaxy measurements, we find that these SNe are preferentially found in host galaxies having an older average stellar age than the hosts of normal SNe Ia. We also find that these SNe are found at a further physical distance from the center of their host galaxies. We find no statistically significant bias in host galaxy mass or specific star formation rate for these targets.