A Family Tree of Optical Transients from Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
Sara Frederick, Suvi Gezari, Matthew J. Graham, Jesper Sollerman,, Sjoert van Velzen, Daniel A. Perley, Daniel Stern, Charlotte Ward, Erica, Hammerstein, Tiara Hung, Lin Yan, Igor Andreoni, Eric C. Bellm, Dmitry A., Duev, Marek Kowalski, Ashish A. Mahabal, Frank J. Masci

TL;DR
This paper reports the discovery and analysis of optical transients in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, revealing a new class of AGN flares with diverse spectral features and challenging simple tidal disruption models.
Contribution
It introduces a new class of AGN transients in NLSy1 galaxies, characterizes their spectral properties, and discusses their physical origins, expanding understanding of AGN variability.
Findings
Five new AGN transients with large amplitude, rapid flares.
Spectroscopic categories include NLSy1-like, He II, and Bowen fluorescence features.
Two transients are confirmed TDEs in NLSy1s, others linked to enhanced accretion.
Abstract
The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) has discovered five new events belonging to an emerging class of AGN undergoing smooth flares with large amplitudes and rapid rise times. This sample consists of several transients that were initially classified as supernovae with narrow spectral lines. However, upon closer inspection, all of the host galaxies display resolved Balmer lines characteristic of a narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy. The transient events are long-lived, over 400 days on average. We report UV and X-ray follow-up of the flares and observe persistent UV-bright emission, with two of the five transients detected with luminous X-ray emission, ruling out a supernova interpretation. We compare the properties of this sample to previously reported flaring NLSy1 galaxies, and find that they fall into three spectroscopic categories: Transients with 1) Balmer line profiles and Fe II…
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