Understanding Fundamental Tradeoffs in Nanomechanical Resonant Sensors

TL;DR

This paper develops a unified framework to analyze the fundamental trade-offs between speed and accuracy in various nanomechanical resonant sensor architectures, clarifying misconceptions and guiding optimal sensor design.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive modeling framework for resonator tracking schemes and compares three key architectures to elucidate their speed-accuracy trade-offs.

Findings

Feedback-free approach offers high speed but lower accuracy.

Frequency-locked loop achieves a balance between speed and accuracy.

Clarifies misconceptions about sensor performance in existing literature.

Abstract

Nanomechanical resonators are used as high performance detectors in a variety of applications such as mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. Initial emphasis in nanomechanical resonant sensor research was on increasing the sensitivity to the level of a single molecule, atom and beyond. On the other hand, there are applications where the speed of detection is crucial, prompting recent works that emphasize sensing schemes with improved time resolution. We first develop a general modeling framework encompassing all resonator tracking schemes currently in use, by extending recent previous work. We then explore the fundamental trade-offs between accuracy and speed in three resonant sensor architectures, namely the feedback-free open-loop approach, positive-feedback based self-sustaining oscillator, and negative-feedback based frequency-locked loop scheme. We comparatively analyze them in a unified manner, clarify some misconceptions that seem to exist in the literature, and unravel their speed versus accuracy characteristics.