Free Space Optics for Next-Generation Satellite Networks

TL;DR

This paper explores the potential of free space optics (FSO) for inter-satellite communication in next-generation satellite networks, comparing it with RF technology and analyzing its challenges, capabilities, and future applications.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of FSO technology for satellite networks, including comparisons with RF, and discusses design considerations for future mega-constellations like Starlink.

Findings

FSO offers high data rates for satellite links.

Laser ISLs face specific challenges in space environments.

FSO can complement or replace RF in satellite communications.

Abstract

Free space optics (FSO) refers to optical wireless communications in outdoor environments. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role that FSO is envisaged to play in the creation of next-generation satellite networks. To begin with, the reader is introduced to the types of FSO links and functionalities of a basic FSO system. Next, a comparison of FSO and radio frequency (RF) technologies for inter-satellite links (ISLs) is provided, including a comparison between FSO and RF links when employed between low Earth orbit satellites. After that, the types of FSO or laser ISLs are considered, and the challenges in establishing laser ISLs, the properties of laser ISLs, and the capabilities of terminals for laser ISLs are discussed. Then, the parameters of a satellite constellation are highlighted, and different aspects of SpaceX's upcoming mega-constellation Starlink are explored. In addition, the optical wireless satellite network that is created by utilizing laser ISLs is examined. Finally, a use case is investigated for next-generation optical wireless satellite networks that are envisioned by the mid to late 2020s.