A close-encounter method for simulating the dynamics of planetesimals

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel, efficient simulation method for modeling the gravitational dynamics and collisions of large populations of planetesimals, crucial for understanding planet formation.

Contribution

The authors develop a new close-encounter simulation technique that reduces computational costs, enabling high-resolution studies of planetesimal growth and dynamics.

Findings

Method accurately reproduces dynamical evolution of planetesimals.

Simulation times are significantly reduced compared to full N-body methods.

Allows for studying planetesimal growth via collisions and pebble accretion at larger scales.

Abstract

The dynamics of planetesimals plays an important role in planet formation, because their velocity distribution sets the growth rate to larger bodies. When planetesimals form in protoplanetary discs, their orbits are nearly circular and planar due to the effect of gas drag. However, mutual close encounters of the planetesimals increase eccentricities and inclinations until an equilibrium between stirring and damping is reached. After disc dissipation, there is no more gas drag and mutual close encounters as well as encounters with planets stir the orbits again. The high number of planetesimals in protoplanetary discs renders it difficult to simulate their dynamics by means of direct N-body simulations of planet formation. Therefore, we developed a novel method for the dynamical evolution of planetesimals that is based on following close encounters between planetesimal-mass bodies and gravitational stirring by planet-mass bodies. To separate the orbital motion from the close encounters, we employ a Hamiltonian splitting scheme as used in symplectic N-body integrators. Close encounters are identified using a cell algorithm with linear scaling in the number of bodies. A grouping algorithm is used to create small groups of interacting bodies which are integrated separately. Our method allows simulating a high number of planetesimals interacting through gravity and collisions with low computational cost. The typical computational time is of the order of minutes or hours, up to a few days for more complex simulations, as compared to several hours or even weeks for the same setup with full N-body. The dynamical evolution of the bodies is sufficiently well reproduced. This will make it possible to study the growth of planetesimals through collisions and pebble accretion coupled to their dynamics for a much higher number of bodies than previously accessible with full N-body simulations.