Precise radio astrometry and new developments for the next generation of instruments

TL;DR

This paper reviews the evolution of precise radio astrometry, highlights upcoming instrument capabilities, and discusses future potential for wide-ranging, high-precision astronomical surveys across diverse frequencies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of historical developments, current advancements, and future prospects in radio astrometry, emphasizing new methods and instruments for ultra-precise measurements.

Findings

Next-generation instruments will enable ultra-precise astrometry across broader frequencies.

Large radio surveys will become feasible, expanding scientific applications.

Future developments will address key open questions in astrophysics.

Abstract

We present a technique-led review of the progression of precise radio astrometry, from the first demonstrations, half a century ago, until to date and into the future. We cover the developments that have been fundamental to allow high accuracy and precision astrometry to be regularly achieved. We review the opportunities provided by the next-generation of instruments coming online, which are primarily: SKA, ngVLA and pathfinders, along with EHT and other (sub)mm-wavelength arrays, Space-VLBI, Geodetic arrays and optical astrometry from GAIA. From the historical development we predict the future potential astrometric performance, and therefore the instrumental requirements that must be provided to deliver these. The next-generation of methods will allow ultra-precise astrometry to be performed at a much wider range of frequencies (hundreds of MHz to hundreds of GHz). One of the key potentials is that astrometry will become generally applicable, and therefore unbiased large surveys can be performed. The next-generation methods are fundamental in allowing this. We review the small but growing number of major astrometric surveys in the radio, to highlight the scientific impact that such projects can provide. Based on these perspectives, the future of radio astrometry is bright. We foresee a revolution coming from: ultra-high precision radio astrometry, large surveys of many objects, improved sky coverage and at new frequency bands other than those available today. These will enable the addressing of a host of innovative open scientific questions in astrophysics.