Primordial particles and waves in the early Universe

TL;DR

This paper proposes a theoretical framework suggesting dark energy originated from gravitational waves and dark matter consists of heavy x particles, potentially forming Bose-Einstein Condensates, in the early universe.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hypothesis linking dark energy to gravitational waves and dark matter to heavy x particles created before quarks, offering a new perspective on early universe composition.

Findings

Dark energy may be gravitational wave integration.

Dark matter could be heavy x particles with minimal interaction.

X particles might form Bose-Einstein Condensates in galaxies.

Abstract

The observational evidence points to the origin of our Universe from a big-bang explosion, the normal matter we observed can be well explained by the particles created in the strong and weak interacting phases of the early universe. The dark energy and dark matter, which occupy major contents of the universe, may be created from earlier times than that of quarks. We propose that the dark energy is an integration of the gravitational waves (GWs) in early universe, and the dark matter is composed of x particles which are created earlier and have much heavier mass than quarks in early universe. The x particles may be bosons with no or little interaction with normal matter except gravity, and they can be free particles or Bose-Einstein Condensed (BEC) matter as the dominant matter in the galaxy clusters and galactic halos. This paper notes as a framework of ideas need to be investigated further.