On the Disformal Transformation of the Einstein-Hilbert Action

TL;DR

This paper provides a pedagogical derivation of the disformal transformation of the Einstein-Hilbert action, showing it leads to a stable, second-order scalar-tensor theory related to Horndeski's framework.

Contribution

It offers a clear derivation of the disformal transformation of the Einstein-Hilbert action and demonstrates its connection to Horndeski theories, ensuring second-order equations of motion.

Findings

Disformal transformation can be absorbed into the Riemann tensor.

Transformed action is a special case of Horndeski action.

Scalar field equations remain second order, indicating stability.

Abstract

Disformal transformation is a generalisation of the well-known conformal transformation commonly elaborated in mainstream graduate texts in gravity (relativity) and modern cosmology. This transformation is one of the most important mathematical operations in scalar tensor theories attempting to address pressing problems involving dark energy and dark matter. With this topic yet to penetrate these texts, we present a pedagogically oriented derivation of the disformal transformation of the Einstein-Hilbert action. Along the way of calculation, we encounter apparently problematic terms that could be construed as leading to equations of motion that go beyond second order in derivatives, signalling instability. We demonstrate that these terms can be eliminated and absorbed through the definition of the Riemann curvature tensor. The transformed Einstein-Hilbert action turns out to be a special case of the Horndeski action and the equations of motion for the scalar field that it describes are all up to second order only in derivatives, implying stability.