Data-driven cardiovascular flow modeling: examples and opportunities

TL;DR

This paper reviews various data-driven modeling techniques for cardiovascular blood flow, emphasizing their potential to improve understanding and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases despite current challenges.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of multiple data-driven methods and illustrates their application in cardiovascular fluid mechanics, highlighting future opportunities.

Findings

Data-driven methods can address uncertainty and noise in blood flow data.

Techniques like PCA, DMD, and SINDy are effective for reduced-order modeling.

Challenges include integrating these methods into clinical practice.

Abstract

High-fidelity modeling of blood flow is crucial for enhancing our understanding of cardiovascular disease. Despite significant advances in computational and experimental characterization of blood flow, the knowledge that we can acquire from such investigations remains limited by the presence of uncertainty in parameters, low spatiotemporal resolution, and measurement noise. Additionally, extracting useful information from these datasets is challenging. Data-driven modeling techniques have the potential to overcome these challenges and transform cardiovascular flow modeling. In this paper, we review several data-driven modeling techniques, highlight the common ideas and principles that emerge across numerous such techniques, and provide illustrative examples of how they could be used in the context of cardiovascular fluid mechanics. In particular, we discuss principal component analysis (PCA), robust PCA, compressed sensing, the Kalman filter for data assimilation, low-rank data recovery, and several additional methods for reduced-order modeling for cardiovascular flows, including the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy). All of these techniques are presented in the context of cardiovascular flows with simple examples. These data-driven modeling techniques have the potential to transform computational and experimental cardiovascular flow research, and we discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these techniques in the field, looking ultimately towards data-driven patient-specific blood flow modeling.