A Facile Process to Fabricate Phosphorus/Carbon Xerogel Composite as Anode for Sodium Ion Batteries

TL;DR

This paper presents a simple, low-cost method to create phosphorus/carbon xerogel anodes for sodium ion batteries, achieving high capacity, efficiency, and durability suitable for commercial use.

Contribution

It introduces an innovative, cost-effective fabrication process for phosphorus-based anodes with high performance, surpassing or matching existing advanced materials.

Findings

Capacity of 357 mAh g$^{-1}$ at 100 mA g$^{-1}$

Coulombic efficiency of 99.4%

Degradation rate of 0.06% over 80 cycles

Abstract

Sodium ion batteries become popular due to their low cost. Among possible anode materials of sodium ion batteries, phosphorus has great potential owing to its high theoretical capacity. Previous research that yielded high capacity and long duration of phosphorus anode used expensive materials such as black phosphorus (BP) and phosphorene. To take advantage of the low cost of sodium ion batteries, we report a simple and low-cost method to fabricate anode: condensing red phosphorus on carbon xerogel. Even with large particle size (~ 50 $\mu$m) and high mass loading (2 mg cm$^{-2}$), the composite cycled at 100 mA g$^{-1}$ yielded a capacity of 357 mA g$^{-1}$ or 2498 mAh g$^{-1}_P$ based on phosphorus after subtracting the contribution of carbon. The average coulombic efficiency is as high as 99.4%. When cycled at 200 mA g$^{-1}$, it yielded a capacity of 242 mAh g$^{-1}$ or 1723 mAh g$^{-1}_P$, with average degradation rate only 0.06% in 80 cycles. Our research provided an innovative approach to synthesize anodes for sodium ion batteries at extremely low cost, with performance exceeding or comparable to state-of-the-art materials, which will promote their commercialization.