European Longitude Prizes. I. Longitude Determination in the Spanish Empire
Richard de Grijs (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia)

TL;DR
This paper explores early Spanish efforts to solve the maritime longitude problem following Columbus, highlighting their historical significance and influence on later navigation advancements.
Contribution
It uncovers and analyzes the largely overlooked Spanish longitude prizes and solutions, emphasizing their role in the development of navigation technology.
Findings
Spanish longitude prizes spurred innovative navigation solutions.
Most solutions based on compass readings failed sea trials.
Spanish efforts laid groundwork for lunar distance and marine chronometer methods.
Abstract
Following Columbus' voyages to the Americas, Castilian (Spanish) and Portuguese rulers engaged in heated geopolitical competition, which was eventually reconciled through a number of treaties that divided the world into two unequal hemispheres. However, the early-sixteenth-century papal demarcation line was poorly defined. Expressed in degrees with respect to a vague reference location, determination of longitude at sea became crucial in the nations' quest for expanding spheres of influence. In Spain, King Philip II and his son, Philip III, announced generous rewards for those whose solutions to the longitude problem performed well in sea trials and which were suitable for practical implementation. The potential reward generated significant interest from scientist-scholars and opportunists alike. The solutions proposed and the subset taken to sea provided important physical insights…
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