Viscosity of Cohesive Granular Flows

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to identify two key dimensionless numbers controlling the viscosity of cohesive granular flows, revealing non-Newtonian behavior and micro-structural effects of adhesion.

Contribution

It introduces a new scaling law for cohesive granular viscosity based on two adhesion-related dimensionless numbers, advancing understanding beyond previous phenomenological models.

Findings

Two dimensionless numbers govern cohesive granular viscosity.

The scaling law captures strong non-Newtonian viscosity variations.

Adhesion influences flow micro-structure and contact network modes.

Abstract

Cohesive granular materials such as wet sand, snow, and powders can flow like a viscous liquid. However, the elementary mechanisms of momentum transport in such athermal particulate fluids are elusive. As a result, existing models for cohesive granular viscosity remain phenomenological and debated. Here we use discrete element simulations of plane shear flows to measure the viscosity of cohesive granular materials, while tuning the intensity of inter-particle adhesion. We establish that two adhesion-related, dimensionless numbers control their viscosity. These numbers compare the force and energy required to break a bond to the characteristic stress and kinetic energy in the flow. This progresses the commonly accepted view that only one dimensionless number could control the effect of adhesion. The resulting scaling law captures strong, non-Newtonian variations in viscosity, unifying several existing viscosity models. We then directly link these variations in viscosity to adhesion-induced modifications in the flow micro-structure and contact network. This analysis reveals the existence of two modes of momentum transport, involving either grain micro-acceleration or balanced contact forces, and shows that adhesion only affects the later. This advances our understanding of rheological models for granular materials and other soft materials such as emulsions and suspensions, which may also involve inter-particle adhesive forces.