Stable cones in the thin one-phase problem

TL;DR

This paper establishes the first stability condition for the thin one-phase free boundary problem and proves that in dimensions up to five, axially symmetric homogeneous stable solutions are one-dimensional, regardless of the fractional parameter.

Contribution

It introduces a new stability condition for the fractional one-phase problem and classifies stable solutions in low dimensions, extending understanding of free boundary problems.

Findings

First stability condition for the thin one-phase problem derived.

Axially symmetric homogeneous stable solutions are one-dimensional in dimensions ≤ 5.

Results hold for all fractional parameters s in (0,1).

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study homogeneous stable solutions to the thin (or fractional) one-phase free boundary problem. The problem of classifying stable (or minimal) homogeneous solutions in dimensions $n\geq3$ is completely open. In this context, axially symmetric solutions are expected to play the same role as Simons' cone in the classical theory of minimal surfaces, but even in this simpler case the problem is open. The goal of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, our first main contribution is to find, for the first time, the stability condition for the thin one-phase problem. Quite surprisingly, this requires the use of "large solutions" for the fractional Laplacian, which blow up on the free boundary. On the other hand, using our new stability condition, we show that any axially symmetric homogeneous stable solution in dimensions $n\le 5$ is one-dimensional, independently of the parameter $s\in (0,1)$.