The dynamics of the broad-line region in NGC 3227

TL;DR

This study re-examines HST observations of NGC 3227's broad-line region, proposing a model where the BLR is a collapsing, dust-free shell near a supermassive black hole, with implications for accretion and outflow processes.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed photoionization model of the BLR in NGC 3227, highlighting its collapsing nature and the dynamics of inflow and outflow near the black hole.

Findings

BLR is a collapsing, dust-free spherical shell.

Mass inflow rate exceeds luminosity requirements, implying strong outflows.

The BLR transforms into an X-ray emitting plasma closer to the black hole.

Abstract

Archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the Seyfert 1 nucleus of NGC 3227 obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) are re-examined in order to constrain a viable photoionization model for the broad-line region (BLR). The results imply that the BLR is a partially ionized, dust-free, spherical shell that is collapsing, supersonically, at the free-fall velocity due to its proximity to a supermassive black hole. The BLR is ionization bounded at the outer radius, coincident with the dust reverberation radius, and transforms into an X-ray emitting plasma inside the Balmer reverberation radius as the central UV--X-ray source is approached. Only 40 M_Sun of Hydrogen are required to explain the Balmer emission line luminosity, but it is compressed by gravity into a column measuring 5.5 x 10^24 atoms/cm^2. Assuming radiatively inefficient accretion, the X-ray luminosity requires ~ 10^-2 M_sun/yr. However, the mass inflow rate required to explain the luminosity of the broad H-alpha emission line is ~1 M_sun/yr. The very large disparity between these two estimates indicates that 99% of the inflowing gas must be re-directed into an outflow, and on a very short timescale corresponding to ~40 years. Alternatively, the radiative efficiency of the inflow has been overestimated, or the X-ray luminosity has been underestimated; a distinct possibility if the BLR is indeed Compton thick.