A Review of the Anomalies in Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Processes and Potential Solutions

TL;DR

This review comprehensively catalogs and analyzes anomalies in Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes, identifying their causes and potential solutions to improve understanding and facilitate wider adoption in manufacturing.

Contribution

It provides a detailed literature-based categorization of DED anomalies, linking causes to effects, and offers guidance for mitigation and future research directions.

Findings

Categorized DED anomalies into part, process, material, productivity, safety, repair, and gradients.

Linked specific anomalies to their causes and effects in DED processes.

Serves as a comprehensive guide for troubleshooting and advancing DED technology.

Abstract

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes offer one of the most versatile current techniques to additively manufacture and repair metallic components that have generatively designed complex geometries, and with compositional control. When compared to powder bed fusion (PBF), its applicability and adoption has been limited because several issues innate to the process are yet to be suitably understood and resolved. This work catalogs and delineates these issues and anomalies in the DED process along with their causes and solutions, based on a state-of-the-art literature review. This work also serves to enumerate and associate the underlying causes to the detrimental effects which manifest as undesirable part/process outcomes. These DED-specific anomalies are categorized under groups related to the part, process, material, productivity, safety, repair, and functional gradients. Altogether, this primer acts as a guide to best prepare for and mitigate the problems that are encountered in DED, and also to lay the groundwork to inspire novel solutions to further advance DED into mainstream manufacturing.