Photon leaking or very hard ionizing radiation? Unveiling the nature of heII-emitters using the softness diagram

TL;DR

This study uses softness diagrams and photoionization models to determine the effective temperatures of ionizing sources in local HeII-emitting star-forming galaxies, revealing high temperatures and potential photon leakage.

Contribution

It introduces the use of HeI/HeII ratios in softness diagrams to reliably estimate the effective temperature scale of ionizing sources in star-forming galaxies.

Findings

Effective temperatures range from 50-80 kK, averaging above 60 kK.

High T* values suggest nearly metal-free stellar populations.

Most galaxies show evidence of ionizing photon leakage, with about 26% photon absorption fraction.

Abstract

Star-forming galaxies with nebular HeII emission contain very energetic ionizing sources of radiation, which can be considered as analogs to the major contributors of the reionization of the Universe in early epochs. It is therefore of great importance to provide a reliable absolute scale for the equivalent effective temperature (T*) for these sources. We study a sample of local (z< 0.2) star-forming galaxies showing optical nebular HeII emission using the so-called softness diagrams, involving emission lines of two elements in two consecutive stages of ionization (e.g., [SII]/[SIII] vs. [OII]/[OIII]). We use for the first time the HeI/heII ratio in these diagrams in order to explore the higher range of T* expected in these objects.We build grids of photoionization models covering different black-body temperatures, model cluster atmospheres, and density-bounded geometries to explain the conditions observed in the sample. We verified that the use of the softness diagrams including the emission-line ratio HeI/HeII combined with black-body photoionization models can provide an absolute scale of T* for these objects. The application of a Bayesian-like code indicates T* in the range 50-80 kK for the sample of galaxies, with a mean value higher than 60 kK. The average of these high temperature values can only be reproduced using cluster model populations with nearly metal-free stars, although such ionizing sources cannot explain either the highest T* values, beyond 1 sigma, or the dispersion observed in the softness diagrams. According to our photoionization models, most sample galaxies could be affected to some extent by ionizing photon leaking, presenting a mean photon absorption fraction of 26% or higher depending on the metallicity assumed for the ionizing cluster.