A crucial test of the phantom closed cosmological model

TL;DR

This paper proposes a direct observational test to distinguish between the standard $\\Lambda$CDM model and a phantom dark energy positive curvature cosmological model, using future gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave observations, independent of many traditional cosmological data.

Contribution

It introduces a novel, model-independent test based on the distance-flux-redshift relation to differentiate between two cosmological models.

Findings

Test can be performed with future gamma-ray burst data from THESEUS.

Gravitational-wave standard siren observations can also be used.

The test does not depend on CMBR data, large-scale structure, or Hubble constant value.

Abstract

We suggest a crucial direct-observational test for measuring distinction between the standard $\Lambda$CDM model and recently proposed phantom dark energy positive curvature cosmological model. The test is based on the fundamental distance--flux--redshift relation for general Friedmann models. It does not depend on the CMBR data, on the large-scale structure growth models, and also on the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$. Our crucial test can be performed by future gamma-ray burst observations with THESEUS space mission and by using gravitational-wave standard siren observations with modern advanced LIGO--Virgo and also forthcoming LISA detectors.