Formation of GW190521 via gas accretion onto Population III stellar black hole remnants born in high-redshift minihalos

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new formation channel for massive black hole binaries like GW190521, involving gas accretion onto Population III remnants in high-redshift minihalos, which can grow their masses above the pair-instability gap.

Contribution

It introduces a novel mechanism where Pop III black hole remnants accrete gas in early halos to form massive binaries, explaining GW190521-like events.

Findings

Gas accretion can increase BH mass above the pair-instability gap within 100 Myr.

Hyper-Eddington accretion phases can rapidly grow BHs in dense halo cores.

A few percent of Pop III remnants could account for observed merger rates.

Abstract

The recent gravitational wave merger event, GW190521, has challenged our understanding of the stellar-mass black hole (BH) formation. The primary and secondary BH are both inferred to fall inside the pair-instability (PI) mass gap. Here we propose that the formation of such binaries is possible through gas accretion onto the BH remnants of Population III (Pop~III) stars born in high-redshift ($z>10$) minihalos. Once the parent halo has grown to the atomic-cooling limit, even brief episodes of gas accretion in the dense central regions of the halo can increase the masses of Pop~III remnant BHs above the PI limit. Starting with a BBH with an initial mass of O(100) ${\rm M_{\odot}}$ we find that it would only need to spend about 100~Myr in the inner few pc of an atomic-cooling halo to accrete about 50~${\rm M_{\odot}}$ of material and resemble a system similar to GW190521. The dynamical friction timescale for the binary to sink to the dense inner region of its parent halo is comparable or shorter than the accretion timescale required to increase their mass above the PI limit. Once in the core of the halo, the binary can enter a phase of hyper-Eddington accretion, where it would only take a few thousand years to exceed the PI limit through accretion. Even more massive BBHs could form through this channel, and be detectable by detectors with improved low-frequency sensitivity. Single Pop~III BH remnants would also grow through accretion and could later form binaries dynamically. As little as a few percent of Pop~III BH remnants may be sufficient to match the rate of massive BBH mergers inferred from GW190521 of $0.13^{+0.3}_{-0.11}\rm Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}$.