Shock-multicloud interactions in galactic outflows -- I. Cloud layers with log-normal density distributions

TL;DR

This study uses 3D hydrodynamical simulations to explore how shocks interact with fractal multicloud layers, revealing how density structure influences cloud disruption, turbulence, and momentum transfer in galactic outflows.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of shock interactions with multicloud layers having log-normal density distributions, highlighting the effects of cloud porosity and density structure on outflow dynamics.

Findings

Solenoidal layers mix less and accelerate faster.

Multicloud systems with more cloudlets reduce mixing and enhance momentum transfer.

Dense gas survives only in compressive clouds with low speeds.

Abstract

We report three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of shocks (${\cal M_{\rm shock}}\geq 4$) interacting with fractal multicloud layers. The evolution of shock-multicloud systems consists of four stages: a shock-splitting phase in which reflected and refracted shocks are generated, a compression phase in which the forward shock compresses cloud material, an expansion phase triggered by internal heating and shock re-acceleration, and a mixing phase in which shear instabilities generate turbulence. We compare multicloud layers with narrow ($\sigma_{\rho}=1.9\bar{\rho}$) and wide ($\sigma_{\rho}=5.9\bar{\rho}$) log-normal density distributions characteristic of Mach $\approx 5$ supersonic turbulence driven by solenoidal and compressive modes. Our simulations show that outflowing cloud material contains imprints of the density structure of their native environments. The dynamics and disruption of multicloud systems depend on the porosity and the number of cloudlets in the layers. `Solenoidal' layers mix less, generate less turbulence, accelerate faster, and form a more coherent mixed-gas shell than the more porous `compressive' layers. Similarly, multicloud systems with more cloudlets quench mixing via a shielding effect and enhance momentum transfer. Mass loading of diffuse mixed gas is efficient in all models, but direct dense gas entrainment is highly inefficient. Dense gas only survives in compressive clouds, but has low speeds. If normalised with respect to the shock-passage time, the evolution shows invariance for shock Mach numbers $\geq10$ and different cloud-generating seeds, and slightly weaker scaling for lower Mach numbers and thinner cloud layers. Multicloud systems also have better convergence properties than single-cloud systems, with a resolution of $8$ cells per cloud radius being sufficient to capture their overall dynamics.