An Explanation for 13 consecutive days activities of Mrk 421

TL;DR

This paper proposes a model incorporating linear electrostatic acceleration via reconnection electric fields to explain the spectral energy distribution shifts and orphan flaring observed in Mrk 421 over 13 days, challenging traditional models.

Contribution

It introduces a novel particle transport model with electrostatic acceleration to interpret spectral evolution and orphan flaring in blazar Mrk 421.

Findings

Electrostatic acceleration explains spectral peak shifts.

The electric-to-magnetic field ratio influences spectral evolution.

Peak frequency may be a temporary blazar characteristic.

Abstract

It is surprising to find a fact for migration in the peak positions of synchrotron spectra energy distribution component during in the activity epochs of Mrk 421, accompanying with an orphan flaring at the X-ray and GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray bands. A geometric interpretation and standard shock or stochastic acceleration models of blazar emission have difficulty reproducing these observed behaviours. The present paper introduces a linear acceleration by integrating the reconnection electric field into the particle transport model for the observed behaviours of Mrk 421. We note that the strong evidence for evolution of multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution characteristic by shifting the peak frequency, accompanying with an orphan flaring at the X-ray and GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray bands provides an important electrostatic acceleration diagnostic in blazar jet. Assuming suitable model parameters, we apply the results of the simulation to the 13-day flaring event in 2010 March of Mrk 421, concentrating on the evolution of multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution characteristic by shifting the peak frequency. It is clear that the ratio of the electric field and magnetic field strength plays an important role in temporal evolution of the peak frequency of synchrotron spectral energy distribution component. We suggest the electrostatic acceleration responsible for the evolution of multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution characteristic by shifting the peak frequency is reasonable. Based on the model results, we issue that the peak frequency of the synchrotron spectral energy distribution component may denote a temporary characteristic of blazars, rather than a permanent one.