The All-Sky SignAl Short-Spacing INterferometer (ASSASSIN) I: Global sky measurements with the Engineering Development Array-2

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel interferometric method using closely-spaced antennas to measure the global 21-cm signal from the early Universe, aiming to improve calibration and systematic error issues in detecting Cosmic Dawn signals.

Contribution

It introduces a new interferometric approach with simulations and real data validation, paving the way for the ASSASSIN instrument to measure the global 21-cm signal.

Findings

Simulations show potential for signal extraction with idealized arrays.

Real data from EDGES prototype confirms the method's viability.

A clear plan for developing the ASSASSIN instrument is outlined.

Abstract

Aiming to fill a crucial gap in our observational knowledge of the early Universe, experiments around the world continue to attempt to verify the claimed detection of the redshifted 21-cm signal from Cosmic Dawn by the EDGES experiment. This sky-averaged or 'global' signal from neutral hydrogen should be detectable at low radio frequencies (50-200 MHz), but is difficult to measure due to bright foreground emission and difficulties in reaching the required levels of instrumental-calibration precision. In this paper we outline our progress toward using a novel new method to measure the global redshifted 21-cm signal. Motivated by the need to use alternative methods with very different systematic errors to EDGES for an independent result, we employ an array of closely-spaced antennas to measure the global sky signal interferometrically, rather than using the conventional approach with a single antenna. We use simulations to demonstrate our newly-developed methods and show that, for an idealised instrument, a 21-cm signal could theoretically be extracted from the visibilities of an array of closely-spaced dipoles. We verify that our signal-extraction methods work on real data using observations made with a Square Kilometre-Array-like prototype; the Engineering Development Array-2. Finally, we use the lessons learned in both our simulations and observations to lay out a clear plan for future work, which will ultimately lead to a new global redshifted 21-cm instrument: the All-Sky SignAl Short-Spacing INterferometer (ASSASSIN).