The 2017 September 6 Flare: Radio Bursts and Pulsations in the 22-5000 MHz Range and Associated Phenomena

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the 2017 September 6 solar flare, revealing complex radio bursts, pulsations, and associated phenomena across multiple wavelengths, using a new wavelet-based method to identify quasi-periodic pulsations and interpret their physical origins.

Contribution

Introduces a novel wavelet-based method to detect and analyze radio pulsations and bursts in solar flare data, revealing new types of QPPs and their association with flare phenomena.

Findings

Identification of drifting QPPs, including bi-directional pulsations.

Detection of an unusual drifting pulsation structure linked to EUV brightenings.

Observation of a high-frequency drifting radio burst indicating shock waves.

Abstract

For the 2017 September 6 flare (SOL2017-Sep-06T11:53) we present not only unusual radio bursts, but also their interesting time association with the other flare phenomena observed in EUV, white-light, X-ray, and $\gamma$-ray emissions. Using our new method based on wavelets we found quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in several locations of the whole time-frequency domain of the analyzed radio spectrum (11:55-12:07 UT and 22-5000 MHz). Among them the drifting QPPs are new and the most interesting, especially a bi-directional QPP at the time of the hard X-ray and $\gamma$-ray peaks, and a sunquake start. In the pre-impulsive phase we show an unusual drifting pulsation structure (DPS) in association with the EUV brightenings caused by the interaction of magnetic ropes. In the flare impulsive phase we found an exceptional radio burst drifting from 5000 MHz to 800 MHz. In connection with this drifting burst, we show a U-burst at about the onset time of an EUV writhed structure and a drifting radio burst as a signature of a shock wave at high frequencies (1050-1350 MHz). In the peak flare phase we found an indication of an additional energy-release process located at higher altitudes in the solar atmosphere. These phenomena are interpreted considering a rising magnetic rope, magnetosonic waves and particle beams. Using a density model we estimated the density, wave velocities and source heights for the bi-directionally drifting QPPs, the density for the pre-impulsive DPS and U-burst, and the density and magnetic field strength for the drifting radio burst.