Eccentricity Estimate for Black Hole Mergers with Numerical Relativity Simulations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a large set of numerical relativity simulations to estimate the eccentricity of black hole mergers, applying it to GW190521 and suggesting it may have formed through a close encounter due to its high eccentricity.

Contribution

It provides the first extensive set of eccentric binary merger waveforms and an estimation method to identify eccentricity in gravitational wave signals.

Findings

GW190521 likely had high eccentricity ($e=0.69$)

Eccentricity estimation supports a non-isolated binary origin

Over 10 odds ratio favoring high eccentricity for GW190521

Abstract

The origin of black hole mergers discovered by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave observatories is currently unknown. GW190521 is the heaviest black hole merger detected so far. Its observed high mass and possible spin-induced orbital precession could arise from the binary having formed following a close encounter. An observational signature of close encounters is eccentric binary orbit; however, this feature is currently difficult to identify due to the lack of suitable gravitational waveforms. No eccentric merger has been previously found. Here we report 611 numerical relativity simulations covering the full eccentricity range and an estimation approach to probe the eccentricity of mergers. Our set of simulations corresponds to $\sim 10^5$ waveforms, comparable to the number used in gravitational wave searches, albeit with coarser mass-ratio and spin resolution. We applied our approach to GW190521 and found that it is the most consistent with a highly eccentric ($e=0.69^{+0.17}_{-0.22}$; 90% credible level) merger within our set of waveforms. This interpretation is supported over a non-eccentric merger with $>10$ Odds ratio if $\gtrsim10\%$ of GW190521-like mergers are highly eccentric. Detectable orbital eccentricity would be evidence against an isolated binary origin, which is otherwise difficult to rule out based on observed mass and spin.