General measurements with limited resources and their application to quantum unambiguous state discrimination

TL;DR

This paper introduces a flexible framework for implementing generalized quantum measurements with limited resources, specifically on multi-qubit systems, and applies it to unambiguous state discrimination with potential for optimization.

Contribution

The authors develop a resource-efficient, adaptable method for implementing arbitrary POVMs on multi-qubit registers, with specific application to quantum state discrimination.

Findings

Framework allows implementation of arbitrary POVMs with minimal resources.

Flexible measurement strategies can optimize unambiguous state discrimination.

Analysis includes biased and higher-dimensional quantum systems.

Abstract

In this report, we present a framework for implementing an arbitrary $n$-outcome generalized quantum measurement (POVM) on an $m$-qubit register as a sequence of two-outcome measurements requiring only single ancillary qubit. Our procedure offers a particular construction for the two-outcome partial measurements which can be composed into a full implementation of the measurement on any gate architecture. This implementation in general requires classical feedback; we present specific cases when this is not the case. We apply this framework on the unambiguous state discrimination and analyze possible strategies. In the simplest case, it gives the same construction as is known, if we opt for performing conclusiveness measurement first. However, it also offers possibility of performing measurement for one of the state outcomes first, leaving conclusiveness measurement for later. This shows flexibility of presented framework and opens possibilities for further optimization. We present discussion also on biased qubit case as well as general case of unambiguous quantum state discrimination in higher dimension.