Frequency Regulation Model of Bulk Power Systems with Energy Storage

TL;DR

This paper develops a detailed dynamic frequency regulation model for large power systems incorporating energy storage, communication delays, and SoC management, validated with real data from the North American Eastern Interconnection.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive frequency regulation model including ESSs, communication delays, and SoC management, validated with real system data for large interconnected power networks.

Findings

Model accurately represents frequency regulation in large interconnected systems.

Communication delays and SoC management significantly impact ACE.

Model useful for long-term frequency regulation studies.

Abstract

This paper presents a dynamic Frequency Regulation (FR) model of a large interconnected power system including Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) such as Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) and Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs), considering all relevant stages in the frequency control process. Communication delays are considered in the transmission of the signals in the FR control loop and ESSs, and their State of Charge (SoC) management model is considered. The system, ESSs and SoC components are modelled in detail from a FR perspective. The model is validated using real system and ESSs data, based on a practical transient stability model of the North American Eastern Interconnection (NAEI), and the results show that the proposed model accurately represents the FR process of a large interconnected power network including ESS, and can be used for long-term FR studies. The impact of communication delays and SoC management of ESS facilities in the Area Control Error (ACE) is also studied and discussed