Strong downward L\"owenheim-Skolem theorems for stationary logics, II -- reflection down to the continuum

TL;DR

This paper explores strong downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorems for stationary logic, linking their consistency to large cardinal axioms and the size of the continuum, with implications for reflection principles.

Contribution

It establishes new equivalences between SDLS for stationary logic and large cardinal hypotheses, and analyzes their impact on the continuum's size.

Findings

SDLS for stationary logic with weak second-order parameters relates to CH and reflection principles.

SDLS without parameters implies the continuum has size .

Consistency results connect SDLS with supercompact cardinals and continuum size.

Abstract

Continuing the previous paper, we study the Strong Downward L\"owenheim-Skolem Theorems (SDLSs) of the stationary logic and their variations. It has been shown that the SDLS for the ordinary stationary logic with weak second-order parameters down to $<\aleph_2$ is equivalent to the conjunction of CH and Cox's Diagonal Reflection Principle for internally clubness. We show that the SDLS for the stationary logic without weak second-order parameters down to $<2^{\aleph_0}$ implies that the size of the continuum is $\aleph_2$. In contrast, an internal interpretation of the stationary logic can satisfy the SDLS down to $<2^{\aleph_0}$ under the continuum being of size $>\aleph_2$. This SDLS is shown to be equivalent to an internal version of the Diagonal Reflection Principle down to an internally stationary set of size $<2^{\aleph_0}$. We also consider a ${\cal P}_\kappa\lambda$ version of the stationary logic and show that the SDLS for this logic in internal interpretation for reflection down to $<2^{\aleph_0}$ is consistent under the assumption of the consistency of ZFC $+$ "the existence of a supercompact cardinal" and this SDLS implies that the continuum is (at least) weakly Mahlo. These three "axioms" in terms of SDLS are consequences of three instances of a strengthening of generic supercompactness which we call Laver-generic supercompactness. Existence of a Laver-generic supercompact cardinal in each of these three instances also fixes the cardinality of the continuum to be $\aleph_1$ or $\aleph_2$ or very large respectively. We also show that the existence of one of these generic large cardinals implies the "$++$" version of the corresponding forcing axiom.