Discovery of thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray bursts in the X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814 observed with NICER and NuSTAR

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of five thermonuclear X-ray bursts from Swift J1858.6-0814, confirming a neutron star accretor, and estimates the system's distance and properties based on burst analysis and variability observations.

Contribution

First detection of thermonuclear X-ray bursts in Swift J1858.6-0814, providing insights into the neutron star nature and system parameters.

Findings

Five thermonuclear X-ray bursts detected.

Distance estimated at approximately 13 kpc.

Observed super-Eddington luminosities during flares.

Abstract

Swift J1858.6-0814 is a recently discovered X-ray binary notable for extremely strong variability (by factors $>100$ in soft X-rays) in its discovery state. We present the detection of five thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray bursts from Swift J1858.6-0814, implying that the compact object in the system is a neutron star. Some of the bursts show photospheric radius expansion, so their peak flux can be used to estimate the distance to the system. The peak luminosity, and hence distance, can depend on several system parameters; for the most likely values, a high inclination and a helium atmosphere, $D=12.8_{-0.6}^{+0.8}$ kpc, although systematic effects allow a conservative range of $9-18$ kpc. Before one burst, we detect a QPO at $9.6\pm0.5$ mHz with a fractional rms amplitude of $2.2\pm0.2$% ($0.5-10$ keV), likely due to marginally stable burning of helium; similar oscillations may be present before the other bursts but the light curves are not long enough to allow their detection. We also search for burst oscillations but do not detect any, with an upper limit in the best case of 15% fractional amplitude (over $1-8$ keV). Finally, we discuss the implications of the neutron star accretor and this distance on other inferences which have been made about the system. In particular, we find that Swift J1858.6-0814 was observed at super-Eddington luminosities at least during bright flares during the variable stage of its outburst.